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Spätestens seit der Finanzmarktkrise besteht ein starkes Interesse, die komplexen Zusammenhänge auf den Geld-, Kapital- und Kreditmärkten sowie den Einfluss der jeweiligen Wechselkurssysteme zu verstehen. Diesem Wunsch trägt dieses Lehrbuch Rechnung. Dabei spielen im ersten Teil der Monografie die wechselseitigen Beziehungen der einzelnen Finanzmarktakteure und deren Einfluss auf die Erreichbarkeit der Zielsetzungen der Zentralbank eines Landes bzw. eines Währungsraumes eine Rolle. Darüber hinaus wird anhand einer Vielzahl von Fallstudien im Rahmen des sog. Mundell-Fleming Modells analysiert, welche Rolle Wechselkurssysteme auf die konjunkturelle Entwicklung von Volkswirtschaften haben. Zentrales Thema ist allerdings die Bewertung des Instrumentariums und der Strategie der Europäischen Zentralbank. Deshalb arbeitet der Verfasser differenziert die Kernmerkmale dieser Zielsetzung heraus und analysiert Alternativkonzeptionen. In diesem Zusammenhang stellt der Autor die derzeitige Notenbankpolitik der Amerikaner und der Bank of England dar. Darüber hinaus basiert seine Analyse auch auf der Evaluierung theoretischer Konzepte, die insbesondere auf nicht vorhersehbare Veränderungen volkswirtschaftlicher Parameter effizienter reagieren können als die aktuelle Geldpolitik.
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This volume, containing papers written by Keynes, in the course of his various activities, is chiefly concerned with his work down to the outbreak of war in 1914 on problems of Indian currency and especially with the part that he played in influencing and shaping the report of the (Austen Chamberlain) Royal Commission on Indian Finance and Currency. The papers show the young Keynes (he was under 30 when appointed) with a complete mastery not only of the broad and academic principles but also, as throughout his life, of the details, holding his own in debate with the acknowledged authorities and securing his main objectives, thanks largely to his indefatigable capacity for quick yet elegant and lucid draftsmanship. This volume is a necessary companion to his own Indian Currency and Finance (Volume 1 in this series).
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Keynes's first book, published in 1913, was Indian Currency and Finance. He had served briefly from 1906 to 1908 in the India Office in Whitehall; then as the administrative link between the Government of India and the British parliament. He quickly became involved in the problems of the Indian currency and the then important and fascinating issues concerning the gold-exchange standard. He continued to work on these problems, with the encouragement and help of his former colleagues, after he had returned to Cambridge. The book which resulted, and his known mastery of the problems involved, led to Keynes's first major incursion into public life as a member of the (Austen Chamberlain) Royal Commission on Indian Finance and Currency. The important contributions he made to its work are recorded in detail in Volume 15 of this series, which forms a complement to this volume.
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Many of the world's economic ills are due to our competitive money system - in which there is built-in economic scarcity and never enough money for people to pay off their debts, due to the debt-based way money is created. Bernard Lietaer - one of the world's most knowledgeable experts about our money system - and journalist Jacqui Dunne team up to describe how individual citizens, entrepreneurs, businesses, communities, and governments are creating new cooperative money systems around the world that provide a way out of our economic morass.
Money. --- Finance. --- Social credit. --- Currency question.
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Currency question --- Finance --- Money --- Social credit
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This report contains the “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” review, as well as revised version of the “Phase 1: Legal and Regulatory Framework review” already released for the Seychelles. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
Finance --- Seychelles --- Economic conditions. --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question
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This report contains Phase 1 and Phase 2 reviews of Ireland, now incorporating Phase 2 ratings. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
Finance --- Ireland --- Economic conditions. --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question
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This report includes Phase 1 and Phase 2 reviews of Norway, now updated with ratings. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
Finance --- Norway --- Economic conditions. --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question
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Finance --- Fiscus (Roman law) --- Rome --- Economic conditions. --- Roman law --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question
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This report includes Phase 1 and Phase 2 Global Forum Peer Reviews for Finland, now incorporating Phase 2 ratings. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Finance --- Finland --- Economic conditions. --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question
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